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2 Types of Internet Access – Your Friendly ISP
The PC has progressed from hobbyist plaything to an indispensable telecommunication device. Almost all
PCs are purchased with the intent to connect to the Internet. The most common access methods for
residential customers are: dial-up over a regular phone line, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) a high-speed
service using existing telephone wiring, and Cable Modem using the Cable TV distribution facilities. In
each case the ISP is the link between the end user and the Internet backbone.
Typical ISP services:
Connection between the end user and ISP network – so called first mile
Routing between customer and one or more Internet interexchange carrier
User authentication
IP address assignment
1
st
level DNS name resolution – translate host name to IP address
E-mail account
USENET account
Web hosting
Billing
Technical Support
2.1 Dialup
Dialup access is available to anyone with telephone service. Modems are normally used with wired phone
service but can also be used with wireless cellular phones. However the data rate is significantly lower over
cellular and cellular service typically change for connection time so it is not optimal for fixed location use.
Almost all ISPs support the ITU V.90 modem standard. The International Telecommunications Union V.90
standard replaced previous generation of proprietary 56Flex and X2 modems. V.90 takes advantage that the
ISP modem pool is directly connected to phone company digital trunk. This means only one analog to
digital conversion exists between the user and the ISP. The ISP modem is synchronized to the digital trunk.
This enables it to transmit at up to 56kbps toward the user. Current FCC power regulations restrict
maximum speed to 54kbps. Transmission from the subscriber to the ISP is limited to 33.6kbps because the
subscriber does not have access to digital carrier.
The ITU recently released V.92 a minor enhancement to V.90. It increased upload speed slightly to 44Kbps
and implements faster auto negotiation to reduce connection setup time. The standard also includes V.44
improved data compression. V.92 includes a mechanism to ignore call-waiting tones to allow the user to
answer a second call without dropping the modem connection. V.92 modems are available but ISP’s have
not been rushing to upgrade.
At connect time the modem probes the line to determine noise and attenuation levels. This sets the initial
connect speed, during the session the modem constantly adjust to varying line conditions. After the
modems synchronize the user is authenticated and an IP address issued. As soon as the computer has an IP
address it is able to access the Internet. The most common protocol between the end user and ISP is the
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) defined by the IETF, the same folks that write the Internet specifications.
This allows the Internet protocol to be carried over the serial telephone link between the user and ISP.
Phone lines are digitized at the Telco central office at 64kbps. This means analog modem has reached its
theoretical maximum speed. To obtain higher speed requires use of different technology.
2.2 DSL
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology utilizes the existing telephone copper wiring between the
subscriber and the phone company central office (CO) to carry high-speed data. This allows the local
exchange carrier to generate additional revenue by leveraging the massive investment in cabling. Modems
- Living with a SOHO Network 1
- 2002 edition 1
- Table of Contents 2
- 1 Overview 5
- 2.1 Dialup 7
- 2.2 DSL 7
- 2.2.1 Impairments 8
- 2.2.1.1 Distance 8
- 2.2.1.3 Load Coils 9
- 2.2.1.4 Bridge Taps 9
- 2.2.1.5 Noise and Crosstalk 9
- 2.2.1.6 Half Ringer 9
- 2.2.1.7 Inside Wiring 10
- 2.2.1.8 Wireless Phones 10
- 2.3 Cable Modem 10
- 3.1 Selecting a Provider 12
- 3.2 Acceptable Use Policy 12
- 3.3 Privacy Policy 12
- 3.4 Thoughts about Dial Up 12
- 4.2 Selecting a Provider 13
- 4.4 Installation 15
- 4.5 Optimization 15
- 4.6 Acceptable Use Policy 16
- 4.7 Privacy Policy 16
- 4.8 Service Level Agreement 16
- 4.9 Thoughts about DSL 16
- 5.1 Structured Wiring 17
- 5.3 Patch Cables 19
- 5.6 Type 66 Terminals 20
- 5.6.1 Type 66 Accessories 20
- 5.7 Type 110 Terminals 21
- 5.8 Special Tools 21
- Purpose 21
- 6.3 POTS/DSL Splitter 24
- 6.4 Modem Access Adapter 24
- 6.5 Putting it all together 25
- 7 LAN -- The Networked Home 26
- 10Mbps 5-4-3 Rule 27
- 100Mbps - Class II hub 27
- 100Mbps - Class I hub 27
- 7.1.5 Preferred Topology 28
- 7.2.1 PhoneLine Networking 28
- 7.2.2 RF Wireless 28
- 7.2.2.1 Wireless Security 29
- 7.3 TCP/IP 29
- 7.4 IP Address 29
- 7.4.2 Subnet 30
- 7.4.3 Port Number 30
- 7.4.4 Private Addresses 30
- 7.4.5 AutoIP 31
- 7.4.6 LocalHost Address 31
- 7.5 Gateway 32
- 7.6 Name Resolution 32
- 7.6.1 Naming Convention 32
- 7.7 Whois 32
- 7.9 Implementation 33
- 8.1 WAN Interface 35
- 8.2 Automatic Fail over 35
- 8.2.1 Using multiple ISPs 36
- 8.3 LAN Address Assignment 36
- 8.3.1 Dynamic 36
- 8.3.2 Pseudo Static 36
- 8.3.3 Static 37
- 8.4.1 Limitations of NAT 37
- 8.5 10/100 Ethernet switch 38
- 8.6 Virtual Private Network 38
- 8.7 Logging 39
- 9.1 PING 39
- 9.2 Trace Route 40
- 9.3 NET 41
- 9.4 NETSTAT 41
- 10 Browsing -- Wild Wild Web 42
- 11.1 Browser based Mail 43
- 11.2 Mail Client 43
- 11.3 Corporate Mail 43
- 11.4 SPAM Mitigation 43
- 12 Fax – E-mail on Paper 45
- 15 Printing – Data to Paper 46
- 16 Scanning -- Paper to Data 47
- 17.3 Private Web Server 48
- 17.4 Local Weather Station 48
- 19 Backup – Oops Protection 49
- 19.2 Off Line Backup 50
- 20.1 Firewall 50
- 20.2 Anti Virus Software 50
- 20.4 Spyware 51
- 20.5 Configuration 51
- 20.6 Social Engineering 51
- @Office 52
- On the road 52
- 21.1 Netswitcher 52
- 23.4 Site Logs 55
- 23.5 Email 55
- 25 Conclusions 56
- Happy networking 56
- Last Page 57
- Intentionally Blank 57
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Silvercrest SEM 250 A1 manuels
Manuels d'utilisation et guides de l'utilisateur pour Couteaux Silvercrest SEM 250 A1.
Nous fournissons des manuels en pdf 4 Silvercrest SEM 250 A1 à télécharger gratuitement par type de document : Manuel de l'utilisateur
Silvercrest SEM 250 A1 Manuel de l'utilisateur (30 pages)
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Table des matières
Sommaire
10
5. Nettoyage
13
7. Dépannage
14
9. Garantie
15
Panoramica
16
5. Pulizia
19
9. Garanzia
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Overzicht
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Table des matières
Silvercrest SEM 250 A1 Manuel de l'utilisateur (34 pages)
marque: Silvercrest | Catégorie: Knives | Taille: 0.64 MB |
Table des matières
Panoramica
10
5. Pulizia
13
9. Garanzia
15
Visão geral
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4. Operação
18
5. Limpar
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6. Eliminar
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9. Garantia
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Contents
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Overview
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4. Operation
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6. Disposal
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8. Technical
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Silvercrest SEM 250 A1 Manuel de l'utilisateur (46 pages)
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Table des matières
Contents
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Overview
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Przegld
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1. Wskazówki
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4. Obsuga
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9. Gwarancja
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9. Záruka
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5. istenie
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